Narration কাকে বলে? Narration কত প্রকার ও কী কী?

 Narration

 

Narration মানে উক্তি। অনেক সময় বক্তার কথা অবিকল বক্তার ভাষাতেই উদ্ধৃত করা হয়। আবার অনেক  সময় বক্তার বক্তব্যকে নিজের জবানিতেও প্রকাশ করা হয়। কাজেই, Narration বা উক্তি প্রধানত দুই প্রকারের:

 

1. Direct Narration (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্ত) এবং

2. Indirect:  Narration (পরোক্ষ উক্তি)।

অথাৎ কোনো বক্তার কথাকে দু’ভাবে বলা যায়। প্রত্যক্ষ ভাবে এবং পরোক্ষ ভাবে।

 

1. Direct Narration: যে বাক্যে বক্তার মুখের কথার কোনরূপ পরিবর্তন না ঘটিয়ে অবিকল সেই কথাগুলি তুলে ধরা হয়, সেই বাক্যকে direct narration বা প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তির বাক্য বলে। যেমন:

Hasan said, 'I am going home.'

2. Indirect Narration: যে বাক্যে বক্তার বক্তব্যের বিষয়টি অবিকল তার মুখের কথায় না বলে প্রতিবেদকের বিবৃতি হিসাবে প্রকাশ করা হয়, সেই বাক্যকে indirect narration বা পরোক্ষ উক্তির বাক্য বলে। যেমন:

Hasan said that he was going home.

 

এতক্ষণ আমরা Narration কাকে বলে শিখলাম। কিন্তু Narration ভালোভাবে শিখতে হলে নিম্নোক্ত সাতটি টপিকও ভালোভাবে বুঝতে হবে:

 

1. To knowabout reporting verb & reported speech

2. To know about five types of sentences

3. Change of tenses

4. Change of persons

5. To know about subjective, objective and possessive cases

6. To know about adverbial phrases

7. To know about linkers used instead of comma and inverted comma

 

To knowabout reporting verb & reported speech

 

1. Reporting Verb & Reported Speech: Direct Speech এর দুইটি অংশ থাকে। একটিকে reporting verb এবং অন্যটিকে reported speech বলে ।

Inverted comma-এর বাহিরের verb কে বলে reporting verb.

Inverted comma-এর ভিতরের sentence কে বলে reported speech.

 

যেমন: He said to me, "I am very tired today."

He said to me = Reporting verb

I am very tired today = Reported speech 

 

To know about five types of sentences

 

2. To know about Five Types of Sentences: Direct narration থেকে indirect narration-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়মাবলী জানতে হলে sentence সম্পর্কে জানা থাকতে হবে। নিচে সংক্ষেপে sentence সম্পর্কে আলোচনা করা হল:

 

Sentence প্রধানত পাঁচ প্রকার:

1. Assertive Sentence

2. Interrogative Sentence

3. Imperative Sentence

4. Optative Sentence

5. Exclamatory Sentence

 

1. Assertive Sentence: এই ধরনের sentence দ্বারা সাধারণত হ্যাঁ/নাবোধক বিবৃতি প্রদান করা হয়। যেমন:

Namir is in class five.

2. Interrogative Sentence: যে sentence-দ্বারা কোনো প্রশ্ন করা হয়, তাকে Interrogative Sentence বলে। যেমন:

Where do you live?

3. Imperative Sentence: যে বাক্য দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ, অনুরোধ, অনুযোগ প্রভৃতি বোঝানো হয় তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে। যেমন: Open the door.

4. Optative Sentence: যে বাক্য দ্বারা ইচ্ছা, আকাঙ্খা, আশীর্বাদ, দোয়া, প্রার্থনা ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ করা হয় তকে Optative Sentence বলে। যেমন: May you shine in life.

5. Exclamatory Sentence: যে বাক্য দ্বারা কোনো বিষয়ে বিস্ময় প্রকাশ করা হয় তাকে Exclamatory Sentence বলে। যেমন: Alas! My wallet is lost.

 

Change of Tenses

 

 

3. Change of Tenses: Direct speech কে indirect করার সময় tense এর পরিবর্তন ঘটে। নিচে তার একটি ছক দেওয়া হল:

Direct Speech	Indirect:  Speech
Present Indefinite- Do/am/is/are/have/has	Past Indefinite- Did/was/were/had
Present Continuous- Am/is/are	Past Continuous- Was/were
Present Perfect- Have/has	Past Perfect- had
Past Indefinite- Did/was/were	Past Perfect- Had done/had been
Past Continuous- Was/were	Past Perfect Continuous- Had been doing
Past Perfect- Had + verb 3	Past Perfect- Had + verb 3
Future Indefinite- Shall/will	Future in the past- Should/would
Modal Verbs- Can/may/must	Could/might/had to

 

Change of Person

 

4. Change of Person: নিচের নিয়ম অনুসারে Narration-এ person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়:

1st Person	আমি, আমরা (I, We)
2nd Person	তুমি, তোমরা (You)
3rd Person	আমি, আমরা এবং তুমি, তোমরা ব্যতীত বাকি সব 3rd person ( he, she, they, it, Hossain, Rashed)

 

নিচের ছকটি Narration Change-এর ক্ষেত্রে সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ:

1st Person, Subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়।

2d Person, Object অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়।

3rd Person থাকলে তার কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

 

যেমন:

Direct: He said to me, “I will call you.”

Indirect: He told me that he would call me. (Subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়েছে)

Direct: He said to me, “You are a fool.”

Indirect: He told me that I was a fool. (Object অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়েছে)

Direct: He said to me, “He is coming now.”

Indirect: She told me that he was coming then. (3^rd person তাই কোন পরিবর্তন হয়নি)

 

To know about subjective, objective and possessive cases

 

5. Subjective, Objective এবং Possessive Case সম্পর্কে জানা। নিচে Case এর তালিকা দেওয়া হল:

Subjective	Objective	Possessive
I	me	my
We	us	our
You	you	your
She	her	her
He	him	his
They	them	their
It	it	its

 

To know about adverbial phrases

 

6. Adverbial Phrases: Direct Narration থেকে Indirect:  Narration -এ রূপান্তরনের সময়ে কতগুলি শব্দ বা শব্দগুচ্ছ পরিবর্তিত হয়ে যায়। তার একটা তালিকা নিচে দেওয়া হল:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Here	There
Thus	So
Ago	Before
Now	Then
Today	That day
Tomorrow	The next day
Yesterday	The day before
Last night	The night before
It	It
These	Those
This	That/the
Come	Go
Tonight	That night
Hither	Thither

 

‘it’-কে অনেক সময় ‘that' লেখা হয়। সেরকমভাবে this এবং these কে that এবং those লেখা হতে পারে। কিন্তু কিছু কিছু ক্ষেত্রে it, this, that প্রভৃতি ‘unchanged’ থাকতে  পারে।

 

Comma এবং inverted comma- এর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত Linkers

 

7. Comma এবং inverted comma-এর পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত linkers:

Assertive	Optative	Exclamatory	Interrogative	Imperative
That	that	That	if/ whether/ question word/wh-word	To/not to Let = should/might

 

Assertive Sentence

Say/say to/said/said to = say/tell/said/told

Comma এবং inverted comma = that

Reporting verb এ said থাকলে indirect করার সময় said অপরিবর্তিত থাকে এবং said to থাকলে indirect করার সময় told হয়। inverted comma উঠে that বসবে + person ও tense পরিবর্তন হবে + extension (অতিরিক্ত অংশ) বসবে। যেমন:

 

Direct: Rafi said, “I can drive cars.”

Indirect: Rafi said that he could drive cars.

Direct: Sadaf said to me, “You have lost my phone.”

Indirect: Sadaf told me that I had lost his phone.

 

Reporting verb এর tense যদি present বা future (say/says/will say) হয় তবে reported speech এর verb এর tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না। যেমন:

 

Direct: Rahat says, “I didn't go to class.”

Indirect: Rahat says that he didn't go to class.

Direct: I say, “I like chips.”

Indirect: I say that I like chips.

Direct: He will say to me, “I will go to my home soon.”

Indirect: He will say to me that he will go to my home soon. 

 

Reported Speech চিরন্তন সত্য হলে Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। শুধু Inverted Comma উঠে that বসে। যেমন :

 

Direct: Teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun.”

Indirect: Teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

 

Reported Speech এ “Must” থাকলে এর পরিবর্তে had to বসে। কিন্তু Must দ্বারা যদি চিরন্তন সত্য বোঝায় তাহলে এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না। যেমন :

 

Direct: The Prophet (SM) said, “Every human being must taste death one day.”

Indirect: The Prophet (SM) said that every human being must taste death one day.

 

 

Interrogative Sentence

 

Say/say to/said/said to = ask/asked/enquire/enquired/want to know/wanted to know

Comma এবং inverted comma = if/whether/interrogative pronoun

Reporting verb said/said to থাকে indirect করার সময় said/said to এর পরিবর্তে ask বা enquire হয়। Comma এবং inverted comma উঠে if/whether বসে। যেমন:

 

Direct: He said me, “Do you know the boy?”

Indirect: He asked me if I knew the boy.

 

প্রশ্নটির উত্তর যদি ‘হাঁ’ অথবা ‘না’ দিয়ে করা চলে তবে ‘ask’ বা ‘enquire’ এর পর ‘whether’ বা ‘if’ বসাতে হয়। যেমন:

 

Direct: Oli Ullah said to his friend, “Are you going to class?”

Indirect: Oli Ullah asked his friend if he is going to class.

 

যদি প্রশ্নটি কোন interrogative pronoun দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে আর ‘if’ অথবা ‘whether’ ব্যবহার করা যাবেনা। Interrogative pronoun-টিই ব্যবহার করতে হবে। এই সব interrogative pronoun গুলো হল who, which, what, why, when, where, how প্রভৃতি। যেমন:

 

Direct: Tahmid said to his father, “When will I get admitted to Somonia Madrasah?”

Indirect: Tahmid asked his father when he would get admitted to Somonia Madrasah.

 

Note: ‘If বা whether' এর ক্ষেত্রে ‘if’ হচ্ছে সাধারণভাবে সব জায়গায় ব্যবহারযোগ্য। কিন্তু যখন কোনো দুটো বা তার বেশী জিনিসের মধ্যে কোনো একটাকে পছন্দ করার ব্যাপার থাকবে সেক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত ‘whether' ব্যবহার করা হয়। যেমন:

 

Direct: “Do you want to go by bus or train?” he asked.

Indirect: He asked whether I wanted to go by bus or by train.

 

‘Wonder' এবং ‘want to know' এদের পরে whether বসলে তার পরে, ‘to বসালেও চলে অথবা স্বাভাবিক নিয়মে করলেও চলবে।। যেমন:

 

Direct: "Shall I do this for them?'' he wondered.

Indirect: He wondered whether to do that for them.

Or, He wondered whether he should do that for them.

 

Direct: "Should I go there just now?" he wanted to know.

Indirect: He wanted to know whether to go there just then.

Or, He wanted to know whether he should go there just then.

 

এবার সব নিয়ম দিয়ে কিছু উদাহরণ দেওয়া যাক:

 

Direct: You said to me, 'Do you hear me?'

Indirect: You asked me if I heard you.

Direct: He said to me, 'Where do you live?'

Indirect: He asked me where I lived.

Direct: He said to me, 'What are you doing?'

Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.

Direct: He said to me, 'When will you go home?'

Indirect: He enquired of me when I would go home.

Direct: He said, 'Will you have a cup of tea?'

Indirect: He asked if I would have a cup of tea.

Direct: You said to me, 'Why have you failed?'

Indirect: You asked me why I had failed.

 

Imperative Sentence

 

Imperative Sentence এ Reporting Verb “said/said to” থাকলে indirect করার সময় “said/said to” এর পরিবর্তে -

অনুরোধ বুঝালে – request/ ask	আদেশ বুঝালে - ordere/command	উপদেশ বুঝালে - advise
নিষেধ বুঝালে - forbid	ক্ষমা বুঝালে - beg বসে	আমন্ত্রণ বুঝালে- invite
উৎসাহিত করা বুঝালে- encourage	আদেশ/উপদেশ/অনুরোধ বুঝা না গেলে- tell	সতর্ক করা বুঝালে- warn

 

Imperative sentence- কে direct থেকে indirect করতে হলে subject এর পর direct Speech-এর ভাব অনুযায়ী উপরোল্লিখিত verb গুলোর যেকোন একটি ব্যবহার করতে হয় + Inverted Comma উঠিয়ে to/not to বসাতে হয় + Verb এর Present Form বসে + Sentence এর বাকি অংশ বসে। যেমন:

 

Direct: “Look at him,” said my friend.

Indirect: My friend told me to look at him.

Direct: “Please, wait here," the man said.

Indirect: The man requested him to wait there.

Direct: “Don't smoke,” the doctor said the patient.

Indirect: The doctor advised the patient not to smoke.

Direct: “Go on, help the destitute," the monk said.

Indirect: The monk encouraged to help the destitute.

 

একটা বিষয় জেনে রাখা ভাল যে, Indirect Speech-এ যদি imperative verb টি আদেশ/উপদেশ/অনুরোধ/নিষেধ কিছুই বুঝা না যায়, অর্থাৎ যদি বুঝতে অসুবিধা হয়, সেক্ষেত্রে ‘tell’ verb টি ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে। যেমন:

 

Direct: He said to me, “If you feel sick, don't be out."

Indirect: He advised me not to be out if I felt sick.

এখানে যদি ‘advise' শব্দটি হবে কি হবেনা মনে দ্দ্বিধাদ্বন্দ্ব কাজ করেন তাহলে অনায়াসে tell verb-টি ব্যবহার করা যাবে -

He told me that if I felt sick, I should not be out.

 

Note: Imperative Sentence টি Negative হলে - to এর পরিবর্তে not to বসে। কিন্তু forbade লিখলে not to বসে না। যেমন:

 

Direct: He said to me, “Do not show your mobile phone to him.

Indirect: He told me not to show my mobile phone to him. Or, he forbade me to show my mobile phone to him.

 

নিচে আরো কিছু উদাহরণ দেওয়া হল:

Direct: My friend said to me, “Go home at once!”

Indirect: My friend told or advised me to go home at once.

Direct: He said to me, “Open the door, please.”

Indirect: He requested me to open the door.

Direct: He said to me, “Do not go there."

Indirect: He told or advised me not to go there.

Direct: The teacher said, “Don't move, boys.”

Indirect: The teacher told the boys not to move.

Direct: I said to him, “Please explain the passage.”

Indirect: I requested him to explain the passage.

Direct: The General said to the soldiers, “March on!”

Indirect: The General ordered the soldiers to march on.

Direct: I said to him, “Excuse me sir!”

Indirect: I begged him to excuse me.

 

Imperative sentence অনেক সময় let দিয়ে শুরু হয়। ঐ সব sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে direct speech কে indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম কিছুটা ভিন্ন হয়।

যদি direct speech টি Let দ্বারা আরম্ভ হয় এবং এই Let দ্বারা কোন proposal বা suggestion বুঝায় তাহলে indirect করার সময় Comma এবং Inverted Comma উঠিয়ে that বসাতে হয় এবং‘propose’ বা ‘suggest’ ব্যবহার করতে হয় এবং let-এর পরিবর্তে ‘should’ ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:

 

Direct: Maksud said to Hasan, “Let us join the Qur’an class.”

Indirect: Maksud proposed or suggested to Hasan that we should join the Qur’an class.

Direct: I said to Mohammad, “Let us read the Qur’an.”

Indirect: I proposed or suggested to Mohammad that we should read the Qur’an.

 

কিন্তু যদি ‘Let’ দ্বারা ‘proposal’ না বুঝায় বা let এর পর us নাহয়ে me/him/her/them ইত্যাদি হয়, তাহলে ‘let’-এর পরিবর্তে ‘might’ বা ‘might be allowed’ হয়।

 

Direct: He said, “Let me talk to him.”

Indirect: He told that he might talk to him.

Direct: He said, 'Let me come in.'

Indirect: He requested that he might be allowed to come in.

Direct: He said, 'Let him do whatever he likes.

Indirect: He said that he might do whatever he liked.

 

Optative Sentence

 

নিচের নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করে Optative sentence- কে direct থেকে indirect করতে হয়।

Comma এবং Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে

Say/says/said to এর পরিবর্তে wish/ wishes/wished/pray/prays/prayed বসবে

Reported Speech এর Subject + might

Verb এর Present Form + Sentence এর বাকি অংশ বসবে। যেমন :

 

Direct: Rahat said to me, “May you be happy.”

Indirect: Rahat prayed that I might be happy.

 

এছাড়াও Optative Sentence এ:

Would that থাকলে - Wished/Prayed

Good Morning/Evening থাকলে - Wished

Good Night/Good Bye থাকলে – Bade

**কারো জন্য বদদোয়া করলে - Cursed ব্যবহৃত হয়।

 

Direct: Mother said, “May you be happy."

Indirect: Mother wished that I might be happy. (মা চাইলেন যে আমি যেন সুখী হই)

Direct: He said to me, “May God bless you.”

Indirect: He prayed that God might bless me.

Direct: He said, “Would that I were young again.”

Indirect: He prayed that he would be young again.

Direct: He said, “Good Evening teacher.”

Indirect: He wished good evening to the teacher.

Direct: He said to me, “Good Night.”

Indirect: He bade me good night.

Direct: She said to her neighbor, “May you die soon.”

Indirect: She cursed her neighbor that he/she might die soon.

 

জেনে রাখা ভাল যে, Optative Sentence সবসময় ‘May' দিয়ে শুরু হবে, তা কিন্তু নয়। যেমন:

 

Direct: He said, “Had I been there!”

Indirect: He wished that he had been there. (সে সেখানে থাকবার ইচ্ছা প্রকাশ করল। থাকতে পারলে ভাল হত এই অর্থে)

 

লক্ষ্যণীয় বিষয় হলো, এখানেও Interrogative Sentence-এর মত ‘Indirect speech’-টি ‘assertive’ হয়ে যায়।

 

 

Exclamatory Sentence

 

নিচের নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করে Optative sentence-কে direct থেকে indirect করতে হয়।

আনন্দ বোঝাতে - exclaim with joy

দুঃখ বোঝাতে - exclaim with sorrow/grief

শুভেচ্ছা বোঝাতে – wish

বিস্ময় বোঝাতে - exclaim with surprise

তাৎক্ষনিক আবেগ বোঝাতে - exclaim with wonder.

Comma এবং Inverted Comma উঠিয়ে that বসাতে হয়। যেমন:

 

Direct: Abu Bakar said, “Hurrah! I have got A+.”

Indirect: Abu Bakar exclaimed with joy that he had got A+.

Direct: The old woman said, “Alas! I am undone." (বৃদ্ধা মহিলা বললেন, “হায়! আমার কিছুই করার নেই)

Indirect: The old woman exclaimed with grief that she was undone. (বৃদ্ধা মহিলা দুঃখ করে বললেন যে তার কিছুই করার নেই)

Direct: He said, "What a fool I am!"

Indirect: He exclaimed with grief that he was a great fool.

Direct: He said, "Good-bye, my friends."

Indirect: He bade his friends good bye. (Or he bade good bye to his friends)

Direct: He said, "By Allah! I did not steal the phone!"

Indirect: He swore by Allah that he had not stolen the phone.

 

Reported Speech-টি যদি How/What দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে:

প্রথমে Reported Speech এর Subject + Verb বসে।

Reported speech-এ যদি একটি Adjective থাকে তবে very হবে।

আর যদি Adjective না থেকে Noun থাকে, তবে great হবে। যেমন :

 

Direct: He said, “How beautiful the sky is!”

Indirect: He exclaimed with surprise that the sky was very beautiful.

Direct: He, said, “What a fool you are!”

Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that you were a great fool.

 

Narration-এর আরও কিছু ব্যতিক্রমী নিয়ম নিচে দেওয়া হল যেগুলো passage narration করতে সাহায্য করবে:

Direct: “I am leaving tomorrow," she said, “by 4.30 p.m. from Calcutta. “We will come and see you off,'' We said.

Indirect: She said that she was leaving the following day by 4.30 p.m. from Calcutta. We said that we would come and see her off.

এখানে দুটো বাক্যেই ‘that' না লিখলেও অর্থের কোনো ক্ষতি হবে না, আর, ‘come' এবং ‘see' past tense হয়নি, কারণ আগে ‘would' আছে।

 

Direct: “We will wait for you if you are late," they said.

Indirect: They said that they would wait for him if he was late.

Direct: “I must hurry. My uncle is always serious if any of us are late for meals,” she said.

Indirect: She said she must hurry as her uncle was always serious if any of them were late for meals.

Direct: “There's been an accident and the road is blocked," said the traffic policeman. "It won't be clear for some time. You'd better go round the other way."

Indirect: The traffic policeman said that there had been an accident, and the road was blocked. He added that it would not be clear for some time. He again advised to go round the other way.

Direct: "I was intending to do it tomorrow," he said, "but now I don't think I'll be able to."

Indirect: He said that he had been intending to do it the next day, but then he did not think he would be able to.

Direct: The poet says, "What ails thee, O king?"

Indirect: The poet asks the king what ails him.

Direct: “This book is mainly about the life of prophet Mohammad (SM). What that book is mainly about?” the inspector asked.

Indirect: The inspector informed that the book was mainly about the life of prophet Mohammad (SM). He questioned what the other book was mainly about.

এখানে 'informed’ ‘জানিয়ে দিলেন’, এই অর্থে ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, আর asked' এর জায়গায় ‘questioned' ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।

 

Direct: "Speak or my gun will go off," the policeman said to the prisoner.

Indirect: The policeman ordered the prisoner to speak. He threatened the prisoner that in case of his not speaking, his            (the policeman's) gun would go off.

Direct: “Do not go there, it is a valley of death," the story teller said.

Indirect: The story teller forbade (নিষেধ করলেন) to go there. He added that it was a valley of death.

এখানে ‘forbade’ (‘forbid’-এর past tense) না লিখে ‘told not to go there' এরকমও লেখা যেতে পারে।

 

Direct: My friend said, "Good morning, how are you?"

Indirect: My friend wished me good morning. He also asked about my well being.

‘Well-being’ ভাল আছি কিনা বা ভাল থাকা এই অর্থে।

 

Direct: "Oh my God! I have failed to do it, my friend cried. “

Indirect: My friend cried in frustration that he had failed to do that.

'Frustration' এখানে হতাশা এই অর্থে ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে।

 

Direct: “Allah save the king," they said.

Indirect: "They prayed that Allah might save the king.

এখানে direct speech-এ ‘May' উহ্য ছিল, ‘সেটা’(May) Indirect speech-এ যুক্ত করা হল।

 

Direct: The poet said, “Let us go then, you and I."

Indirect: The poet suggested that you and I should go.

Direct: He said, “Let's have tea."

Indirect: He suggested having tea.

 

Rules of Passage Narration

 

1. সর্বপ্রথম, Passage টি A to Z ভালোভাবে পড়ে speaker (বক্তা) এবং listener (শ্রোতা) খুঁজে বের করতে হবে।

2. Reporting verb টি মাঝে বা শেষে যেখানেই থাকুক না কেন, indirect করার সময় তাকে sentence এর শুরুতে নিয়ে আসতে হবে। যেমন:

Direct: “You are very rude.” Nawshed said to his friend.

Indirect: Nawshed told his friend that he was very rude.

 

3. Reported speech-এ একাধিক উক্তি থাকলে, অর্থাৎ পরপর দুটি বা তিনটি উক্তি থাকলে তখন:

Assertive Sentence: told, added, also added, further added হয়।

Interrogative Sentence: asked, also asked, again asked, further asked হয়।

Imperative Sentence: and requested /and ordered to ইত্যাদি হয়।

Optative Sentence: and prayed/and wished that হয়।

Exclamatory Sentence: and exclaimed in joy that/ in grief that হয়। যেমন:

 

Direct: Rihan said to me, “I am taking breakfast. I will come soon.”

Indirect: Rihan told me that he was taking breakfast and added that he would go soon.

 

4. Direct speech-এ Yes/No থাকলে নিচের নিয়মে indirect করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Yes	replied in the affirmative that/agreed that
No	replied in the negative that/disagreed/denied

যেমন:

Direct: Sadaf said, “Yes, I will go to madrasah.”         

Indirect: Sadaf replied in the affirmative that he would go to madrasah.

Direct: Sadaf said, “No, I will not go to madrasah.”  

Indirect: Sadaf replied in the negative and said that he would not go to madrasah.

 

5. Direct speech- Sir/Madam থাকলে নিচের নিয়মে indirect করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Sir/Madam	with respect/respectfully/politely Or, Addressing as Sir/Madam

যেমন:

Direct: Abrar said, “Sir, I did not understand.”                 

Indirect: Abrar respectfully said that he had not understood.

 

6. Direct speech-এ By Allah/ by God থাকলে নিচের নিয়মে indirect করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
By Allah/ by God	swearing by Allah/God etc. হয়

যেমন:

Direct: “By Allah, Araf replied, “I am not lying.”

Indirect: Swearing by Allah, Araf replied that he was not lying.

 

7. Direct speech-এ Sorry থাকলে indirect করার সময় apologize to ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Sorry	Apologize/sorry

যেমন:

Direct: Jaber said to him, “Sorry, I can’t help you.”

Indirect: Jaber apologized to him that he couldn’t help him.

Or, Indirect: Jaber told him that he was sorry and he couldn’t help him.

Or, Jaber said to me that he was sorry and added that he couldn’t help him.

Or, Jaber apologized that he couldn’t help him.

 

8. Direct speech-এ Hello থাকলে indirect করার সময় drawing attentionব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Hello	Drawing attention

যেমন:

Direct: I said, “Hello Mr. Mukim, how are you?”        

Indirect: Drawing attention, I asked Mr. Mukim how he was.

Direct: Mr. Ehsan said to the guardian, “Hello, can I help you?”

Indirect: Drawing attention, Mr. Ehsan asked the guardian if he could help him.

Or, Mr. Ehsan drew attention and asked the guardian if he could help him.

 

9. Direct speech-এ Excuse me থাকলে indirect করার সময় beg pardon ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Excuse me	Beg pardon

যেমন:

Direct: I said to Mr. Rabiul, “Excuse me, what are you doing?” 

Indirect: I begged pardon and asked Mr. Rabiul what he was doing.

Or, Begging pardon, I asked Mr. Rabiul what he was doing.

Direct: The man said to me, “Excuse me, can you take me to Somonia Arabic Madrasah?”

Indirect: Begging pardon, the man asked me if I could take him to Somonia Arabic Madrasah.

Or, The man begged pardon and asked me if I could take him to Somonia Arabic Madrasah.

 

10. Direct speech-এ But থাকলে indirect করার সময় with disappointment/express with dissatisfaction ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
But	With disappointment/express with dissatisfaction

যেমন:

Direct: The patient said to the doctor, “But I try to avoid smoking.”        

Indirect: The patient expressed with dissatisfaction that he tried to avoid smoking.

Or, With disappointment, the patient said that he tried to avoid smoking.

Or, With dissatisfaction, the patient said that he tried to avoid smoking.

Direct: The patient said, “But I try to avoid.”         

Indirect: But the patient said that he tried to avoid. (এভাবেও সম্ভব)

 

11. Direct speech-এ Well থাকলে indirect করার সময় appreciate it/with appreciation ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Well	Appreciate it/with appreciation

যেমন:

Direct: Ruhabi said to Rashed, “Well, I agree.”

Indirect: Ruhabi appreciated it that he agreed.

Or, With appreciation, Ruhabi told Rashed that he agreed.

Direct: She said to me, “Well, I can help you.”

Indirect: With appreciation, she said to me that she could help me.

Or, She appreciated it that she could help me.

 

12. Direct speech-এ so থাকলে indirect করার সময় that is why ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
So	That is why

যেমন:

Direct: Father said to me, “I am sick. So I will not go to office.”

Indirect: Father told me that he was sick and that is why he would not go to office.

 

13. Reported speech-এ যদি কাউকে সম্বোধন করে কিছু বলা হয় তাহলে indirect করার সময় addressing him/her/them as ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Dear sir/dear brother/friends etc	Addressing him/her/them as

যেমন:

Direct: Teacher said to them, “Students, look at the whiteboard.”

Indirect: Addressing them as students, Teacher proposed that they should look at the whiteboard.

Direct: He said, ‘Nawshed, do not quarrel.’

Indirect: He forbade Nawshed to quarrel.

 

14. Reporting verb-এ যদি said to না থেকে replied/informed/added/stated/remarked /asserted /assured/pleaded/remarked/reported /reminded/complained/muttered/uttered ইত্যাদি থাকে তাহলে indirect speech-এ এগুলোর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন:

 

Direct: The boy replied/muttered/uttered, “He has found a wallet on the road.”

Indirect: The boy replied/muttered/uttered that he had found a wallet on the road.

 

15. Reported speech-এর বাক্যটি assertive sentence হওয়া সত্বেও যদি প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন থাকে তাহলে indirect করার সময় বাক্যের শুরুতে being surprised হয়। যেমন:

Direct: Jihan said to Tahmid, “You forgot who I am?”

Indirect: Being surprised, Jihan asked Tahmid if he had forgotten who he was.

 

16. Reported speech-এর পর যদি কোন tag question থাকে তাহলে indirect করার সময় tag এর পরিবর্তে “if it was true” ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:

Direct: Jayed said to Abdullah, “You have taken my book, haven’t you?”

Indirect: Jayed asked Abdullah if it was true that he had taken his book.

 

17. Reported speech এ যদি বক্তা বা শ্রোতা কিছুই না থাকে  তাহলে indirect করার সময় subject হিসেবে the speaker এবং object হিসেবে the listener ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমন:

Direct: “Where are you going now?” “I am going to market.”

Indirect: The speaker asked the listener where he was going then. The listener replied that he was going to market.

 

 

Written by Rubayet Hossain