Degree of Comparison
Sentence এ adjective এবং adverb এর তুলনা বুঝাতে degree of comparison ব্যবহার করা হয়ে থাকে। অর্থাৎ কোন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর সাথে অন্য ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর গুণের তারতম্য অনুসারে adjective-এরও রূপান্তর ঘটে থাকে। Adjective-এর এই রূপান্তরকে degree বা degree of adjective বলে।
Degree of Adjective তিন প্রকার। যথা:
1. Positive Degree (সবাই সমান)
2. Comparative Degree (দুইয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা)
3. Superlative Degree (অনেকের মধ্যে একজন)
1. Positive Degree: কোন sentence এ noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদি বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে positive degree বলে। যেমন: Habib is an honest boy.
2. Comparative Degree: সাধারণত দুজন ব্যক্তি বা দুটি বস্তুর মধ্যে দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদির তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে comparative degree বলে। যেমন: Sadaf is wiser than Ruhabi.
3. Superlative Degree: সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে একজন বা একটি বস্তুর তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে superlative degree বলে। যেমন: Pavel is the best boy in the class.
1. এক syllable বিশিষ্ট সকল adjective ও দুই syllable বিশিষ্ট কোন কোন adjective-এর শেষে "er" বা "r" যোগ করে comparative এবং "est" বা "st" যোগ করে superlative degree গঠন করা হয়। যেমন:
|
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Quick |
Quicker |
Quickest |
|
Thick |
Thicker |
Thickest |
|
Short |
Shorter |
Shortest |
|
Deep |
Deeper |
Deepest |
|
Brave |
Braver |
Bravest |
|
Wet |
Wetter |
Wettest |
|
True |
Truer |
Truest |
|
High |
Higher |
Highest |
|
Great |
Greater |
Greatest |
|
Old |
Older |
Oldest |
|
Remote |
Remoter |
Remotest |
2. কোন Adjective-এর শেষে consonant থাকলে এবং consonant এর আগে যদি vowel থাকে, consonant টি double হয়ে যায় এবং শেষে "er" যোগ করে comparative ও "est" যোগ করে superlative degree করতে হবে। যেমন:
|
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Big |
Bigger |
Biggest |
|
Thin |
Thinner |
Thinnest |
|
Sad |
Sadder |
Saddest |
|
Hot |
Hotter |
Hottest |
|
Red |
Redder |
Reddest |
|
Fat |
Fatter |
Fattest |
3. Adjective-এর শেষে "y" থাকলে এবং "y" এর আগে consonant থাকলে "y" কে "i" করতে হবে এবং শেষে "er" যোগ করে comparative ও "est" যোগ করে superlative degree গঠন করতে হয়। যেমন:
|
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Dry |
Drier |
Driest |
|
Easy |
Easier |
Easiest |
4. কিন্তু adjective এর শেষে ‘y’ এর পূর্বে vowel থাকলে ‘y’ এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। এখানে adjective এর শেষে ‘er’ যোগে comparative এবং ‘est’ যোগে superlative করতে হয়। যেমন:
|
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Gray |
Grayer |
Grayest |
5. দুই বা ততোধিক syllable বিশিষ্ট adjective হলে তার আগে "more" বসিয়ে comparative এবং "most" বসিয়ে superlative degree গঠন করতে হয়। যেমন:
|
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Active |
More active |
Most active |
|
Beautiful |
More beautiful |
Most beautiful |
|
Wonderful |
More wonderful |
Most wonderful |
6. নিম্নলিখিত Adjective গুলির comparison-এর নির্দিষ্ট কোন নিয়ম নেই। যেমন:
|
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Good |
Better |
Best |
|
Bad, evil, ill |
Worse |
Worst |
|
Much, many |
More |
Most |
|
Old |
Older, elder |
Oldest, eldest |
|
Nigh |
Nigher |
Nighest |
|
Fore |
Former |
Foremost, first |
|
Near |
Nearer |
Nearest, next |
ব্যবহার:
(i) Comparative degree-এর পর সাধারণত than বসে। যেমন: He is better than I.
(ii) Latin comparative যেমন: Senior, junior, inferior, superior, interior, posterior, prior প্রভৃতি adjective-এর পরে than বসে না, to বসে। যেমন:
He is junior than me. (Incorrect)
He is junior to me. (Correct)
(iii) নীচের adjective গুলো positive adjective রূপে ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
Major, minor, interior, exterior.
(iv) Superlative degree-এর পূর্বে the এবং পরে of বসে। যেমন: He is the best of all the boys.
Superlative to Positive
Rule-1: Superlative degree-এর পূর্বে শুধু the থাকলে তাকে positive করতে হলে sentence-এর শুরুতে no other + superlative degree এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + superlative-এর positive (simple adjective) + as + subject বসে।
|
Superlative |
Positive |
|
শুধু The + superlative degree |
no other |
Superlative: Pavel is the best boy in the village.
Positive: No other boy in the village is as good as Pavel.
Superlative: Ruhabi is the most talented boy in his class.
Positive: No other boy in his class is as talented as Ruhabi.
Rule-2: Superlative degree-এর পূর্বে one of the থাকলে তাকে positive করতে হলে sentence এর শুরুতে very few + superlative degree এর পরের অংশ + verb (plural) + so/as + superlative এর positive form + পুনরায় as + subject বসে।
|
Superlative |
Positive |
|
One of the |
very few |
Superlative: Akbar was one of the greatest emperors all over the world.
Positive: Very few emperors all over the world were as great as Akbar.
Superlative: This is one of the finest pictures of the world.
Positive: Very few pictures of the world are as fine as this.
Positive to Superlative
Rule-1: Positive degree যুক্ত sentence-এর শুরুতে no other থাকলে তাকে superlative করতে হলে sentence-এর শেষে অবস্থিত subject-টি প্রথমে + subject-এর number অনুযায়ী verb + the + positive-এর superlative form + no other-এর পরের অংশ বসে।
|
Positive |
Superlative |
|
No other |
the + superlative degree |
Positive: No other boy in the college is as meritorious as he.
Superlative: He is the most meritorious boy in the college.
Positive: No other phone in this shop is as costly as this one.
Superlative: This one is the costliest phone in this shop.
Rule-2: Positive degree যুক্ত sentence-টি very few দ্বারা শুরু হলে তাকে superlative করতে হলে sentence-এর শেষের subject-টি প্রথমে + subject অনুযায়ী verb + one of the + positive-এর superlative form + very few এর পরের অংশ বসে।
|
Positive |
Superlative |
|
Very few |
one of the |
Positive: Very few metals in the world are as useful as iron.
Superlative: Iron is one of the most useful metals in the world.
Positive: Very few Islamic scholars in the world are as famous as Imam Bukhari (R).
Superlative: Imam Bukhari (R) was one of the most famous Islamic scholars in the world.
Superlative to Comparative
Rule-1: Superlative degree-এর পূর্বে শুধু the থাকলে তাকে comparative degree করতে হলে অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় subject ও verb প্রথমে বসে + the উঠে যায় + superlative এর comparative form + than বসে + any other বসে + noun/pronoun + বাকি অংশ (থাকলে) বসে। তবে superlative degree-এর পর of all থাকলে comparative-এ than এর পর all other বসে এবং পরবর্তী noun বা pronoun-টি plural হয়।
|
Superlative |
Comparative |
|
শুধু the + superlative degree |
than any other |
Superlative: He is the tallest boy in the class.
Comparative: He is taller than any other boy in the class.
Rule-2: Superlative degree-এর পূর্বে one of the থাকলে তাকে comparative degree করতে হলে প্রদত্ত subject ও verb বসে + one of the উঠে যায় + superlative-এর comparative form + than + most other/ many other/ some other + superlative এর পরের অংশ বসে।
|
Superlative |
Comparative |
|
One of the |
than + most other/ many other/ some other |
Superlative: Sheikh Albani (R) was one of the most talented scholars in the history of Islam.
Comparative: Sheikh Albani (R) is more talented than most other scholars in the history of Islam.
Superlative: Ibn Abbas (RA) was one of the wisest companions of Rasul (SM).
Comparative: Ibn Abbas (RA) was wiser than most other companions of Rasul (SM).
Comparative to Superlative
Rule-1: Comparative degree যুক্ত sentence-এ than এর পর any other/ all other থাকলে superlative করতে হলে subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিতভাবে বসে + the + comparative-এর superlative form + than any other/ all other উঠে যায় + বাকি অংশ বসে।
|
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Than any other/ all other |
The + superlative degree |
Comparative: Rumi sir is older than any other teacher in the madrasah.
Superlative: Rumi sir is the oldest teacher in the madrasah.
Rule-2: Comparative degree যুক্ত sentence-এ than-এর পরে most other/ many other/ some other থাকলে তাকে superlative করতে হলে subject + verb + one of the + comparative-এর superlative form + than most other ইত্যাদি উঠে যায় + বাকি অংশ বসে।
|
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Than + most other/ many other/ some other |
one of the |
Comparative: Tahsin is taller than most other boys I have ever seen.
Superlative: Tahsin is one of the tallest boys I have ever seen.
Comparative to Positive
Rule-1: Comparative degree যুক্ত sentence-এ than-এর পর any other/ all other থাকলে তাকে positive করতে হলে sentence-এর শুরুতে no other বসে + comparative-এর পরের অংশ + verb + as/so + comparative-এর positive form + পুনরায় as + subject বসে।
|
Comparative |
Positive |
|
Than any other/ all other |
no other |
Comparative: Abdullah is better than any other boy in the class.
Positive: No other boy in the class is as good as Abdullah.
Comparative: The cow is more useful than any other animal.
Positive: No other animal is as useful as the cow.
Rule-2: Comparative degree যুক্ত sentence-এ than-এর পর most other/ few other/ many other/ some other থাকলে তাকে positive করতে হলে sentence-এর শুরুতে very few বসে + comparative এর পরের অংশ + verb + as/so + comparative-এর positive form + as + subject.
|
Comparative |
Positive |
|
Than most other/ few other/ many other/ some other |
Very few |
Comparative: Samir is taller than most other boys in the class.
Positive: Very few boys in the class are as tall as Samir.
Rule-3: Comparative degree-এর পরবর্তী than-এর পর any other/ most other/ few other/ many other ইত্যাদি না থাকলে তাকে positive করতে হলে শেষের অর্থাৎ than-এর পরের noun/ pronoun-টি প্রথমে বসে + উক্ত subject অনুযায়ী verb + not (affirmative হলে) + so/as + comparative-এর positive form + পুনরায় as + প্রথম subject-টি বসে।
|
Comparative |
Positive |
|
Without than most other/ few other/ many other/ some other |
(not) as + positive degree + as |
Comparative: Habib is taller than Jayed.
Positive: Habib is not as small as Jayeds.
Comparative: Lion is stronger than tiger.
Positive: Tiger is not as strong as lion.
Rule-4: Comparative degree যুক্ত sentence-এ not/ no less....than or less....than থাকলে তাকে positive করতে হলে প্রদত্ত subject ও verb প্রথমে বসে + negative হলে no/not উঠে যায়/ affirmative হলে not/ no + less-এর পরিবর্তে as + comparative-এর positive form + than-এর পরিবর্তে পুনরায় as + বাকি অংশ বসে।
|
Comparative |
Positive |
|
Not/ no less.... than or less.... than |
not as + positive degree + as |
Comparative: Sadaf is less active than his sister.
Positive: Sadaf is not as active as his sister.
Comparative: Namir was not brilliant than any other students.
Positive: Namir was as brilliant as any other students.
Rule-5: Comparative degree যুক্ত sentence-এ no sooner had.... than থাকলে তাকে positive করতে হলে sentence-এর শুরুতে as soon as বসে + than-এর পূর্বে clause-এর subject ও verb-এর past form + than-এর পূর্ববর্তী বাকি অংশ + কমা (,) + than-এর পরবর্তী অংশ বসে।
|
Comparative |
Positive |
|
No sooner had.... than |
As soon as |
Comparative: So sooner had the bell rung than I entered the class room.
Positive: As soon as the bell rang, I entered the class room.
Positive to Comparative
Rule-1: Positive degree যুক্ত sentence-এর শুরুতে no other থাকলে তাকে comparative করতে হলে sentence-এর শুরুতে শেষের as-এর পরের subject-টি বসে + subject-এর person ও number অনুসারে verb + positive degree-এর comparative form + than + any other + প্রদত্ত sentence-এর no other-এর পরের অংশ বসে।
|
Positive |
Comparative |
|
No other |
than any other/ all other |
Positive: No other picture in the world is as fine as this.
Comparative: This is finer than any other picture in the world.
Positive: No other river in Bangladesh is as big as the Meghna.
Comparative: The Meghna is bigger than any other river in Bangladesh.
Rule-2: Positive degree যুক্ত sentence-এর শুরুতে very few থাকলে, তাকে positive করতে হলে sentence-এর শেষের subject প্রথমে বসে + verb + positive degree-এর comparative form + than + most other/ many other/ some other/ few other + প্রদত্ত sentence-এর very few-এর পরের অংশ বসে।
|
Positive |
Comparative |
|
Very few |
than + most other/ many other/ some other/ few other |
Positive: Very few stories are as thrilling as the story told by the ancient mariner.
Comparative: The story told by the ancient mariner is more thrilling than most other stories.
Rule-3: As + adjective + as যুক্ত positive degree, যা দুয়ের মাঝে তুলনা বুঝায়, তার comparative করতে হলে sentence-এর শেষের subject প্রথমে বসে + subject অনুসারে verb বসে + not বসে (যদি positive degree affirmative হয়) (positive degree negative হলে comparative করার সময় not হয় না) + positive degree-এর comparative + than + প্রদত্ত subject বসে।
|
Positive |
Comparative |
|
(Not) as + positive degree + as |
(not) comparative degree + than |
Positive: Namir is as strong as Oli Ullah.
Comparative: Oli Ullah is not stronger than Namir.
Positive: Iron is not as light as wood.
Comparative: Wood is lighter than Iron.
Rule-4: Positive degree যুক্ত sentence-এ as....as/ not as....as থাকলে তাকে comparative করতে হলে as-এর পরিবর্তে less/ no less.... than/ less.... than-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
|
Positive |
Comparative |
|
As....as/ not as....as |
not/no less...than/ less....than |
Positive: Araf is not as active as her sister.
Comparative: Araf is less active than her sister.
Positive: Rihan was as wise as any other boy.
Posted by Md Rubayet Hossain
